Organic Chemistry

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An ether has a general formula ROR’

Diethyl ether for example would have the formula CH3CH2OCH2CH3

An aldehyde has a carbonyl group (carbon double bonded to an oxygen) attached to a terminal carbon atom

A ketone has a carbonyl group attached to an internal carbon atom.

Slide 36

The carbonyl group (A) is present in both aldehydes and ketones, as shown in (B). (C) The simplest example of each, with the IUPAC name above and the common name below each formula.

Slide 37

Organic Acids and Esters

Organic acids are those acids that are derived from living organisms, usually from metabolism, but sometimes as a defense mechanism.

Long chain organic acids are known as fatty acids.

These are also called carboxylic acids as they contain the carboxyl functional group (COOH)

One oxygen is double bonded to the carbon and the other is bonded to the carbon and to the hydrogen both with single bonds.

Esters are condensation products of carboxylic acids with the removal of water (also called a dehydration synthesis).

Slide 38

These red ants, like other ants, make the simplest of the organic acids, formic acid. The sting of bees, ants, and some plants contains formic acid, along with some other irritating materials. Formic acid is HCOOH.

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Organic Compounds of Life

Slide 40

Introduction

Living organisms have to be able to:

Exchange matter and energy with their surroundings.

Transform matter and energy into different forms.

Respond to changes in their environment.

Grow.

Reproduce.

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All of these changes are due to large organic compounds called macromolecules.

A macromolecule is a combination of many smaller similar molecules polymerized into a chain structure.

In living organisms there are three main types of macromolecules which control all activities and determine what an organism will do and become.

Proteins.

Carbohydrates

Nucleic acids.

Slide 42

The basic unit of life is the cell.

The cell makes up all living organisms that we know of.

Cells are in turn made of macromolecules that form inside the cell.

Other macromolecules control the formation of these macromolecules.

Metabolism is the breaking down or building up of macromolecules.

Generally, breaking down macromolecules releases energy that the organism can use as an energy source.