Organic Chemistry

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The building up of macromolecules requires energy, that is obtained from breaking down macromolecules.

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Proteins

Proteins are macromolecules that are polymers of amino acids.

Structurally, proteins go into making muscle tissue, connective tissue, and skin, hair, and nails, just to name a few.

Functionally proteins are enzymes which catalyze biochemical reactions

Building up macromolecules requires energy and an enzyme lowers the amount of energy that is necessary.

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There are 20 amino acids that go into producing proteins.

These amino acids are polymerized by a dehydration synthesis to form long chains of repeating amino acids called a protein.

The arrangement of the amino acids in the polymer determine the structure of the protein which confers to it is function or structural attributes.

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The twenty amino acids that make up proteins, with three-letter abbreviations. The carboxyl group of one amino acid bonds with the amino group of a second acid to yield a dipeptide and water. Proteins are polypeptides.

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Part of a protein polypeptide made up of the amino acids cysteine (cys), valine (val), and lysine (lys). A protein can have from fifty to one thousand of these amino acid units; each protein has its own unique sequence.

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are a large group of compounds that are generally called sugars, starches, and cellulose (all of which are sugars or polymers of sugars)

Generally sugars are a storage source of energy.

By breaking sugars down into carbon dioxide and water, living organisms can release the energy that is locked up in them to use for energy requirements.

Glucose is the carbohydrate that animals utilize mostly for their energy.

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Glucose (blood sugar) is an aldehyde, and fructose (fruit sugar) is a ketone. Both have a molecular formula of C6H12O6

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Classification

A monosaccharide is one that is made up of just one sugar unit.

A disaccharide is one that is made up of two sugar units.

A polysaccharide is one that is made up of many sugar units.

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These plants and their flowers are made up of a mixture of carbohydrates that were manufactured from carbon dioxide and water, with the energy of sunlight. The simplest of the carbohydrates are the monosaccharides, simple sugars (fruit sugar) that the plant synthesizes. Food is stored as starches, which are polysaccharides made from the simpler monosaccharides. The plant structure is held upright by fibers of cellulose, another form of a polysaccharide.