Organic Chemistry

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Slide 18

(A)The bonds in C6H6 are something between single and double, which gives it different chemical properties than double-bonded hydrocarbons. (B) The six-sided symbol with a circle represents the benzene ring. Organic compounds based on the benzene ring are called aromatic hydrocarbons because of their aromatic character.

Slide 19

Petroleum

Slide 20

Petroleum is a mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Petroleum is formed from the slow decomposition of buried marine life, primarily plankton and algae.

As petroleum is formed it is forced through porous rock until it reaches an impervious layer of rock.

Here it forms an accumulation of petroleum and saturated the porous rock creating an oil field.

Slide 21

Petroleum was once used for medicinal purposes.

It was first distilled by running through a whiskey still, in an attempt to make it taste better.

The liquid that he obtained burned quite well in lamps.

This clear liquid that was obtained from petroleum distillation was called kerosene.

Slide 22

Crude oil is the petroleum that is pumped directly from the ground.

It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with one or two carbon atoms up to a limit of about 50 carbon atoms.

This is usually not useful, so it must separated by distillation.

Slide 23

Crude oil from the ground is separated into usable groups of hydrocarbons at this Louisiana refinery. Each petroleum product has a boiling point range, or "cut," of distilled vapors that collect in condensing towers.

Slide 24

Petroleum products and the ranges of hydrocarbons in each product.

Slide 25

The octane rating scale is a description of how rapidly gasoline burns. It is based on (A) n-heptane, with an assigned octane number of 0, and (B) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, with an assigned number of 100.

Slide 26

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Slide 27

Introduction

Hydrocarbon derivatives are formed when one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced by an element or a group of elements other than hydrogen.