Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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Slide 61

Energy budgets for four animals

Annual energy expenditure (kcal/hr)

60-kg female human

from temperate climate

800,000

Basal

(standard)

metabolism

Reproduction

Thermoregulation

Growth

Activity

340,000

4-kg male Adélie penguin

from Antarctica (brooding)

4,000

0.025-kg female deer mouse

from temperate

North America

8,000

4-kg female eastern

indigo snake

Endotherms

Ectotherm

Slide 62

Torpor and Energy Conservation

Torpor is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases.

Torpor enables animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions.

Hibernation is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity.

Slide 63

Body temperature and metabolism during hibernation in ground squirrels

Additional metabolism that would be

necessary to stay active in winter

Actual

metabolism

Arousals

Body

temperature

Outside

temperature

Burrow

temperature

Metabolic rate

(kcal per day)

Temperature (°C)

June

August

October

December

February

April

–15

–10

–5

0

5

15

10

25

20

35

30

0

100

200

Slide 64

Estivation, or summer torpor, enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies.

Daily torpor is exhibited by many small mammals and birds and seems adapted to feeding patterns.

Slide 65

Review

Homeostasis

Stimulus:

Perturbation/stress

Response/effector

Control center

Sensor/receptor

Slide 66

You should now be able to:

Distinguish among the following sets of terms: collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers; regulator and conformer; positive and negative feedback; basal and standard metabolic rates; torpor, hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor.

Relate structure with function and identify diagrams of the following animal tissues: epithelial, connective tissue (six types), muscle tissue (three types), and nervous tissue.

Slide 67

Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems.

Define thermoregulation and explain how endotherms and ectotherms manage their heat budgets.

Describe how a countercurrent heat exchanger may function to retain heat within an animal body.