Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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fluid

Excretory

system

Anus

Unabsorbed

matter (feces)

Metabolic waste products

(nitrogenous waste)

Kidney tubules

10 µm

50 µm

Lung tissue

Blood

Slide 10

Hierarchical Organization of Body Plans

In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with interstitial fluid, which allows for the movement of material into and out of cells.

A complex body plan helps an animal in a variable environment to maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into tissues that have different functions.

Tissues make up organs, which together make up organ systems.

Slide 11

Organ Systems

Slide 12

Tissue Structure and Function

Different tissues have different structures that are suited to their functions.

Tissues are classified into four main categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Slide 13

Epithelial Tissue - Covering & Lining

Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body.

It contains cells that are closely joined.

The shape of epithelial cells may be cuboidal (like dice), columnar (like bricks on end), or squamous (like floor tiles).

Slide 14

Structure and function in animal tissues

Epithelial Tissue

Cuboidal

epithelium

Simple

columnar

epithelium

Pseudostratified

ciliated

columnar

epithelium

Stratified

squamous

epithelium

Simple

squamous

epithelium

Slide 15

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue mainly binds and supports other tissues.

It contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix.

The matrix consists of fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation.

Slide 16

There are three types of connective tissue fiber, all made of protein:

Collagenous fibers provide strength and flexibility.

Elastic fibers stretch and snap back to their original length.

Reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent tissues.

Slide 17

Connective Tissue

In vertebrates, the fibers and foundation combine to form six major types of connective tissue:

Loose connective tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place.