Human immune system

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Note: Variable region recognizes the anitgens.

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How an antibody operates/works?

Deactivation of a bacterium by an antibody.

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The Pathway of Specific Immune Response

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Slide 14

Cellular Immunity .vs. Antibody Immunity

Carried out by T-Cells

Infected cells are killed by Cytotoxic T –Cells.

Carried out by B-cells

Antibodies are produced and dumped into blood stream.

Antibodies bind to antigens and deactivate them.

Cellular Immunity Antibody or Humoral Immunity

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Immune Response Explained

Antigen infects cells.

Macrophage ingests antigen and displays portion on its surface.

Helper T- Cell recognizes antigen on the surface of the macrophage and becomes active.

Active Helper T-Cell activates Cytotoxic T-Cells and B-Cells.

Cytotoxic T-Cells divide into Active Cytotoxic T-cells and Memory T – Cells.

Active Cytotoxic T-Cells kill infected cells.

At the same time, B-Cells divide into Plasma Cells and Memory B- Cells.

Plasma cells produce antibodies that deactivate pathogen.

Memory T and Memory B cells remain in the body to speed up the response if the same antigen reappears.

Supressor T-Cells stop the immune response when all antigens have been destroyed.

Slide 16

Immune Response Summary

Displays copy of antigen on surface of cell

Cellular Immunity

Antibody Immunity

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Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response

Primary Immune Response

This is a response to an invader the First time the invader infects the body.

No measurable immune response for first few days.

Next 10 – 15 days antibody production grows steadily

Secondary Immune Response

A more rapid response to an invader the 2nd time it invades the body.

Antibody production increases dramatically and in a much shorter time period

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Primary .vs. Secondary Immune Response

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Passive .vs. Active Immunity

Active Immunity

This is immunity where the body is “actively” producing antibodies to fight infection.

Ex: You have a throat infection and you are actively creating antibodies to fight it.