Direct heat utilization of geothermal energy

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1000 years of use (Romans)

60 resorts

460,000 patients/year

USA – used by Indians for 10,000 years

The “Great Spirit”

Neutral ground

Recuperated from battle

Today – 115 major geothermal spas

Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas

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Glenwood Springs, Colorado

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Space Conditioning

Individual wells for a building or several buildings using pumps or downhole heat exchangers

Klamath Falls, Oregon

Reno, Nevada

Rotorua, New Zealand

Taupo, New Zealand

Several Places in Turkey

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Space Conditioning (2)

District heating in at least 12 countries

Piping system

Single pipe – once through system – disposal

Environmental problems

Two pipe – recirculation – residual heat conserved

20 to 30% more expensive

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District Heating – Examples

Started 1930

190,000 people

89o to 125oC water – supplied at 80oC

Adequate to –26oC

830 MWt

62 wells

Large storage tanks for peaking

Oil fired booster station

Reykjavik, Iceland

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1930s

1980s

Today

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District Heating – Examples (2)

60o to 100oC

Doublet wells 1,500 to 2,000 m deep

500,000 people – 40 projects

Heat pumps and fossil fuel boilers assist to provide 70oC water to user

Paris Basin (Melun), France

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Suwa, Japan

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Agribusiness Applications

Greenhouse heating (flowers, vegetables, tree seedlings)

Up to 35% savings due to heating costs

Animal pen heating and cleaning

Soil warming

Crop irrigation

Mushroom raising

Soil and mulch sterilization