The Beginnings of Industrialization

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Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine

James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton

Boulton—an entrepreneur—organizes, manages, takes business risks.

Matthew Boulton

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Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.

Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

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Improvements in Transportation

Water Transportation

Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807

England’s water transport improved by system of canals

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Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

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Improvements in Transportation

Road Transportation

British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads. These were called “turnpike trusts”.

The A4 is a historic major road in England, portions of which are known as the Great West Road and Bath Road.

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Improvements in Transportation

By the early Victorian period toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of resources and potentially suffered from petty corruption.

The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts.

The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew

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The Railway Age Begins

Steam-Driven Locomotives

In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive

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Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

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The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

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Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea