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Outer Controls
Attachments
Commitments
Involvements
Beliefs that Actions are Morally Wrong
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Control Theory
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Focuses on the Significance of Labels
Labels Become Part of Self-Concept
Propel Towards or Away from Deviance
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Labeling Theory
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Denial of Responsibility
Denial of Injury
Denial of a Victim
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Rejecting Labels
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Condemnation of Condemners
Appeal to Higher Loyalties
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Rejecting Labels
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Embracing Labels—Outlaw Bikers
The Power of Labels—Saints and Roughnecks
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Labeling Theory
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Clarifies Moral Boundaries and Affirms Norms
Promotes Social Unity
Promotes Social Change
Can Deviance Be Functional?
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Social Values Produce Deviance
Cultural Goals
Institutional Means
Strain Leads to Anomie
Functionalist Perspective
Strain Theory
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Innovators
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
Functionalist Perspective
Four Deviant Paths
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Unequal Access to Institutional Means to Success
Street Crime
White-Collar Crime
Gender and Crime
Functionalist Perspective
Illegitimate Opportunity Structures
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Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System
Power and Inequality
The Law as an Instrument of Oppression
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