Acid and Base Balance and Imbalance

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Numbness

Lightheadedness

It can cause :

Nervousness

muscle spasms or tetany

Convulsions

Loss of consciousness

Death

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Respiratory Acidosis

Carbonic acid excess caused by blood levels of CO2 above 45 mm Hg.

Hypercapnia – high levels of CO2 in blood

Chronic conditions:

Depression of respiratory center in brain that controls breathing rate – drugs or head trauma

Paralysis of respiratory or chest muscles

Emphysema

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Respiratory Acidosis

Acute conditons:

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Pulmonary edema

Pneumothorax

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Compensation for Respiratory Acidosis

Kidneys eliminate hydrogen ion and retain bicarbonate ion

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Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Acidosis

Breathlessness

Restlessness

Lethargy and disorientation

Tremors, convulsions, coma

Respiratory rate rapid, then gradually depressed

Skin warm and flushed due to vasodilation caused by excess CO2

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Treatment of Respiratory Acidosis

Restore ventilation

IV lactate solution

Treat underlying dysfunction or disease

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Respiratory Alkalosis

Carbonic acid deficit

pCO2 less than 35 mm Hg (hypocapnea)

Most common acid-base imbalance

Primary cause is hyperventilation

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Respiratory Alkalosis

Conditions that stimulate respiratory center:

Oxygen deficiency at high altitudes

Pulmonary disease and Congestive heart failure – caused by hypoxia

Acute anxiety

Fever, anemia

Early salicylate intoxication

Cirrhosis

Gram-negative sepsis

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Compensation of Respiratory Alkalosis

Kidneys conserve hydrogen ion

Excrete bicarbonate ion

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