Hipparchus

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Euclid’s assumptions were about mathematical objects.

Matters of definition.

Platonic forms, idealized.

Ptolemy’s assumptions were about the physical world.

Matters of judgement and decision.

Empirical assessments and common sense.

Slide 29

Ptolemy’s Universe

The basic framework of Ptolemy’s view of the cosmos is the Empedocles’ two-sphere model:

Earth in the center, with the four elements.

The celestial sphere at the outside, holding the fixed stars and making a complete revolution once a day.

The seven wandering stars—planets—were deemed to be somewhere between the Earth and the celestial sphere.

Slide 30

The Eudoxus-Aristotle system for the Planets

In the system of Eudoxus, extended by Aristotle, the planets were the visible dots embedded on nested rotating spherical shells, centered on the Earth.

Slide 31

The Eudoxus-Aristotle system for the Planets, 2

The motions of the visible planet were the result of combinations of circular motions of the spherical shells.

For Eudoxus, these may have just been geometric, i.e. abstract, paths.

For Aristotle the spherical shells were real physical objects, made of the fifth element.

Slide 32

The Ptolemaic system

Ptolemy’s system was purely geometric, like Eudoxus, with combinations of circular motions.

But they did not involve spheres centered on the Earth.

Instead they used a device that had been invented by Hipparchus 300 years before: Epicycles and Deferents.

Slide 33

Epicycles and Deferents

Ptolemy’s system for each planet involves a large (imaginary) circle around the Earth, called the deferent, on which revolves a smaller circle, the epicycle.

The visible planet sits on the edge of the epicycle.

Both deferent and epicycle revolve in the same direction.

Slide 34

Accounting for Retrograde Motion

The combined motions of the deferent and epicycle make the planet appear to turn and go backwards against the fixed stars.

Slide 35

Saving the Appearances

An explanation for the strange apparent motion of the planets as “acceptable” motions for perfect heavenly bodies.

The planets do not start and stop and change their minds. They just go round in circles, eternally.

Slide 36

How did it fit the facts?